The last entry for the year is again dominated by the life sciences but I like how they’re broad findings. Feels like a neat way to summarize the year.
What better way to show this than with a large, comprehensive study on the effects of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines? Harping on the subject feels like a beating a dead horse yet it’s still needed due to widespread public skepticism and misinformation. This is a French study covering 22.7 million vaccinated individuals and 5.9 million unvaccinated individuals over a period of 45 months. They found that vaccinated individuals had a 74% lower risk of death from severe COVID-19 and no increased risk of all-cause mortality. As the authors note, this doesn’t eliminate all possible risks but it should be enough to address most reasonable ones and put an end to vaccine hesitation. But we all know that it won’t.
Next is another large-scale project which will only slowly yield dividends over time. It’s an effort to map the genetic landscape across 14 psychiatric disorders to find the genomic factors that they might have in common using data from over a million patients. The team found that there is pervasive genetic overlap across these disorders. They also found that schizophrenia and bipolar disorders have high levels of polygenic overlap. Other distinct groupings are compulsive disorders, internalizing disorders such as major depression, anxiety and PTSD, substance use disorders and neurodevelopment issues such as autism and ADHD. This suggests that rather than relying solely on symptoms to diagnose psychiatric disorders, it may be possible in the future to investigate the shared biological roots of these issues.
We do have one bit of science news this month that is space-based and it too comes down to the biological sciences. The findings are from analysis of samples taken from the Bennu asteroid delivered to Earth by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. Among the discoveries made five-carbon sugar ribose and six-carbon glucose. Along with the lack of deoxyribose, it suggests that the buildings blocks of biological molecules were widespread throughout the solar system and that the first forms of life relied on RNA. Other findings include a strange, gum-like substance and abundant supernova dust from the asteroid. The latter indicates that the parent body of the asteroid formed in a region enriched in the dust of dying stars.
We end with an article that updates our understanding of how dogs developed their close relationship with humans. One finding leverages data from the dog and wolf skulls spanning the past 50,000 years to determine that the distinctive shape of dog skulls first emerged about 11,000 years ago and that there was a large diversity in the shapes of dog skulls from that period. This suggests that the wide range of shapes and sizes dogs have today isn’t solely a product of the human-led selective breeding programs. The second finding focuses on humans and dogs in Eastern Eurasia, using genomic data to match shifts in the ancestry of dogs with the movement of specific human groups. They found that while the dogs of different human cultural groups moved together with them, there was also evidence that the humans traded their dogs with one another, leading to a shift in the ancestries of the dogs with them.
An absolute treasure trove of fascinating findings this month, this time including economics and history papers in addition to the usual lineup from the life sciences.
We’ll start with the economics paper. It uses data from France to show that existing residents of municipalities are willing to pay a premium to avoid having lower income peers becoming their neighbors. They obtained this result from leveraging a French policy to require that municipalities build more social housing or pay a fine. All households dislike having lower income neighbors and the higher income the municipality, the more they are willing to pay to avoid having to host social housing projects. This result is of course both intuitive and unsurprising but does help illustrate the obstacles against building more housing to alleviate high prices in the property market.
Last month I highlighted research about how schizophrenia patients mistake mistake inner speech with external stimuli, leading to auditory verbal hallucinations, i.e. hearing things that aren’t real. This month I have a startlingly similar finding in the same vein by a different team. They show that the same principle applies to the sense of touch when the experiment called for the subject to differentiate between touching their own arm, being touched by an experimenter and touching a pillow as a control. From observing the brain activity of the participants in the study, the researchers were able to notice significantly higher activity in the right superior temporal gyrus among schizophrenia patients when touching themselves compared to healthy individuals. Similar results were found in other variations of the experiment.
How many people remember the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage about a submarine being shrunk down to microscopic size and inserted into a human body so that the crew can repair that person’s brain damage?? It seems that we’re about to have something similar though of course it’s not a submarine but tiny robots guided through the body using magnetic fields. The article describes trials of the microrobots in the blood vessels of pigs and sheep which are guided to the target sites to release precise doses of drugs at specific locations. The system has yet to be tested in humans but the potential to deliver such precise doses, avoiding the toxicity of inundating the entire body in drugs, and to target hard to reach areas are obvious.
Next we have this news about how North American raccoons are physically changing as they adapt to life in closer proximity to humans. Specifically they find that raccoons living in urban environments have significantly shorter snouts than those in rural areas. They classify this as an early form of self-domestication as selection pressures push them to be bold enough to forage for food from human garbage yet not appear as a threat to humans. This is similar to the processes that proto-dogs and cats went through.
Finally we have the release of a high-resolution dataset of the roads of the Roman Empire. The dataset draws on published historical and archaeological information, topographic maps, and remote sensing data to create a map of the Roman Empire at its maximum extent at around 150 CE. The resulting map includes an astonishing 299,171.31 km of roads, revealing just how extensive the reach of the empire was.
Quite a rich trove of articles this month but once again the really fascinating stuff are in the life sciences.
Easily the most significant and controversial finding of this month’s batch is the discovery in China of a human skull that dates from a million years ago. The skull found in Hubei province and called Yunxian 2 was originally assumed to belong to a member of Homo erectus. New analysis now suggests that it was actually a member of Homo longi who was thought to have lived alongside Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. If true, this sets the timeline of the evolution of large-brained humans back by at least half a million years. Some are using this finding to challenge the established provenance of humans as being from Africa but it’s more likely evidence that there is still so much more that we don’t know.
One of the key symptoms of schizophrenia is auditory hallucinations, hearing things that aren’t there. One explanation for what is going on is that the patients are unable to distinguish between inner speech and external voices. A new study tests this hypothesis using EEG to monitor brain activity while they were asked to internally produce a sound without speaking it out loud and while listening to an audible syllable without doing anything else. The team found that patients known to have auditory hallucinations had brain activity that suggests they experience inner speech as more real than external sounds.
Here’s something that won’t occur to most people but will likely seem like a horror story once they hear about it. Some children suffer from epilepsy so severe that the treatment consists of surgically disconnecting the part of the brain in which the seizures originate from the rest of the brain. Yet the tissue remains intact and remains alive. One team wanted to find out whether the part that gets disconnected still has some awareness. So they took EEG readings of both the intact brain and the disconnected region before the surgery and at regular intervals afterwards. Thankfully the results aren’t horrifying. Electrical activity in the intact portion of the brain showed no changes but in the severed portion, the EEG showed slow rhythms called delta waves which are consistent with deep sleep. So it’s not dead but at least it isn’t fully aware all the time.
Finally here’s an article about similarities in sounds made by birds of different species separated by vast distances and how the phenomenon provides new insight into the development of human language. The researchers found that more than 20 different bird species across four continents produce nearly identical “whining” vocalizations when they spot parasitic birds. They performed playback experiments which showed that birds who hear the calls for the first time will come to investigate the sound. They are then able to learn and reproduce that sound in the future. This suggests a novel pathway for how languages might have developed.
As usual as I like to do a rundown on the scientific prizes every year because it’s downright criminal how little attention the announcements get. The task is a little easier this year because the discoveries they involve should be straightforward for the layman to understand.
I always prefer it when the science news is both highly significant and relatively easy to understand and directly relevant. Most of the articles in this batch seem to fit these criteria.
We’ll start with the news that is the least approachable but it’s really not that bad. Since the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) started delivering data, the results have seriously challenged longstanding assumptions in cosmology. The latest one is a claim that the mysterious Little Red Dots seen by the telescope is a primordial black hole with the mass of 50 million Suns. The issue is that according to our current understanding of how galaxies are formed, it should be impossible for such massive black holes to form so early in the history of the universe. So this adds more evidence that to the gathering pile that present theories about the birth and expansion of the universe are just wrong.
Next we have the discovery that a single mutation in horses led to them becoming rideable by humans and thence changed the course of history. The gene in question is called GSDMC and the researchers the date of the mutation to about 4,200 years ago. In horses, this mutation is known to reshape vertebrae, improve motor coordination and boost limb strength. They were able to show that the frequency of the mutated GSDMC variant shot from 1% to nearly 100% in a few centuries as humans specifically bred horses with the mutation they spread all across Eurasia.
One uplifting bit of news is the discovery of a process that turns plastic into fuel at 95% efficiency in one step. Other processes already exist but they include dechlorination as a separate step for PVC to avoid releasing toxic compounds. Their new process is apparently do it in a single step and handle mixed PVC materials and polyolefin waste, which includes both polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), together. There’s no mention of how expensive this is or whether this can be scaled but it still sounds like good news to me.
There’s been a great deal of debate lately about allowing smartphones in classrooms with many countries opting for a ban. This paper which covers a randomized controlled trial involving 17,000 students found that a ban did result in better grades, but the improvement was very minor. Perhaps more significantly, they also found that students exposed to the ban became more supportive of phone-use restrictions, suggesting that a ban might be popular with both parents and students. Yet this is very far from the last word on this issue as others have pointed out that the study fails to account for the possible benefits of using smartphones in schools. This is one area in which many commentators feel like they need to have their say.
We have an even mix this months between science news about the biological sciences and LLMs. Progress!
The most shocking of the bunch is the discovery that so-called sex reversal seems more common in birds than previously thought. The team dissected the bodies of nearby 500 birds of five common Australian species and found sex-revered individuals in all five species at rates of 3% to 6%. Nearly all of these samples were genetically female but had male reproductive organs. However they also found a few genetic males with ovaries and one had evidence of recently having laid an age. This is yet another demonstration that sex is more fluid and mutable than many think but it should be cautioned as this finding applies only to birds.
News on the mRNA vaccine development front has been depressing recently as the Trump administration keeps cracking down on it and cutting funding. This paper shows some of the potential for major medical applications that might be lost. It proposes that a broad-spectrum mRNA-based antiviral could be formulated. It works by activating interferon-stimulated genes that protect cells against viral infection at the cost of possibly causing mild and often self-resolving inflammation. What’s exciting here is that it seems to help make the treated cells resistant to a wide range of different viruses including including the Zika virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and SARS-CoV-2. As usual this is an extremely early finding and there are many practical issues, but it demonstrates the viability of a completely fresh approach to developing antiviral prophylactics.
Both of the LLM papers are about the impact the deployment of the technology is having on society, possibly in subtle ways. The first one discusses whether ChatGPT in particular is being used by investors to inform their trading decisions. The authors hit upon a novel way to measure this by matching outages of the ChatGPT service with stock trading activity. They show that trading volume does indeed decline when the service is not available and that this effect is stronger for companies which have released corporate news immediately before or during the outage. There’s not much else that can be concluded so far but it does suggest that AI use is widespread and is indeed being used to make investment decisions.
A much more subtle and yet important influence of increasing LLM use among the general public can be seen in this other paper. They attempt to quantity the impact of LLMs on human culture by analyzing human discourse from sources such as YouTube videos and podcast episodes. They claim that they were able to measure an increase in the usage of words commonly used by ChatGPT. As they note, this marks the beginning of a cultural feedback loop in which LLMs are trained on human data yet the widespread usage of LLMs itself reshape how humans use language.
Once again, a good number of biology articles this month but there is one about the Earth’s magnetic field which may be related to the planet bearing life, or it might not.
Starting with that first, the study is about the realization that the strength of Earth’s magnetic field seems correlated with the abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere, roughly rising and falling together over the past billion years or so. The strange thing is that there is no obvious reason why they might be correlated with the best guess being merely that the magnetic field helps to deflect solar wind, thus slowing the loss of oxygen and other gases into space. Another explanation might be that tectonic motions can both affect the geomagnetic field and release nutrients that fuel blooms of oxygen-producing algae.
Next is a development combines both biology and information technology. A private institute has just announced the creation of the first virtual model of a cell. This specific version is designed to predict how stem cells, cancer cells and immune cells respond to drugs, cytokines or genetic perturbations. The obvious benefit is that using a virtual model of the cell is far easier than having to run the experiment using real cells. Everyone will be testing to see how accurate the responses of this particular model will be but this is only the first attempt and future versions are only going to be better.
Then we have this news about an experiment that has dramatically extended the lifespan of mice by giving them monthly injections of an antibody. The antibody in question, X203, works by inhibiting the natural protein interleukin 11. This is a cytokine whose concentration in the body increases with age and is associated with inflammation and cancer. The team claims that interleukin 11 has been observed to work similarly in humans as in mice but of course we still need to what effects this injection has on more subjects beyond mice and what the long-term effects other than extending life would be.
Finally here’s an article that I included because it feels like something right out of the videogame Bioshock to me. It talks about how a specific species of sea slugs are able to gain new abilities by consuming algae with those abilities. For example they are able to gain photosynthesis from the algae when consuming. Instead of digesting the chloroplast cells, they build structures of their own around them, and keep them working. Similarly they are able to store the stinging cells from the sea anemones they consume and deploy them later against their own enemies.