The first month of 2013 has been particularly fruitful so we have a mixed bag of various science related articles. Here goes:
We’ll start with the most important piece of news that made the rounds this month, though more often in editorial than science circles. This Mother Jonesarticle, one of many on the topic, talks about a new explanation of the perplexing rise in America’s crime rate in the 1960s to 1970s and its equally perplexing fall in the 1990s. The answer apparently lies in the use of lead in ordinary petrol. Childhood exposure to lead when it was a common component of petrol in the 1940s and 1950s caused brain damage that subsequently led to increased crime when these children grew up twenty years later. The subsequent shift to unleaded petrol resulted in a new generation who were never exposed, hence the fall in crime rates.
Similarly the next article isn’t so much news from scientists as a recent topic of discussion among economists. In the face of much talk about whether or not innovation has slowed down compared to the past, the blog Sociological Speculationproposes one obvious low-hanging fruit that could dramatically improve human productivity: a way to reduce or entirely eliminate the human need to sleep. The article is more about the effects of such a revolution rather than any specific technology but it does mention Modafinil. A quick check on Malaysia’s own Lowyet.net forums reveals that even Malaysians are asking about its availability, meaning that there is genuine interest in using technological means to wrest more hours out each day.
Next a couple of lighter articles on psychology. First is an article from the BPS Research Digest about how people who are more easily digusted really do have a heightened ability to spot dirt, even if the said dirt is nothing but simulated grey shades on a white background.
Then this article from the New York Times covers a cognitive bias that upon introspection seems quite odd, called the end of history illusion. People readily look back upon their past selves and admit how different they were from how they are now. Yet when asked how they expect their future selves to be, they seem to think that it will be more or less like what they are currently. In other words, it seems as if people lock-in their present states and project that into the future, regardless how old they currently are. Yet the evidence is that people never stop changing and your future self is likely to be as different from what you are currently as you are now different from your past self.
We end this post with a couple of links to just plain cool stuff. This piece of news talks about a military laser recently tested by a German company. It was capable of slicing through 15 mm steel from a kilometer away and accurate enough to shoot down drones that were falling at 50 meters per second from two kilometers away. And remember for every bit of this type of news that makes it out to the general public, you can be sure that there are plenty more that are kept under wraps.
Finally this article from NBC covers what is billed as the largest structure in the universe. It is a structure composed of 73 quasars with supermassive black holes at its centre and is 4 billion light years across at its widest point. Our own Milky Way galaxy is only about 100,000 light years wide.
Just four articles for the last month of December 2012 and one of them isn’t a science article at all but is a retrospective on the year with a perspective that I hope more people would share.
The first one is on a subject that Hiew actually forwarded to me earlier in the month. It’s about how it may be possible to know whether or not the universe that we currently exist in is actually a simulation run on some unimaginably powerful computer. The idea is that if our universe is simulated using an evenly-spaced three-dimensional lattice then the structure of that lattice itself imposes fundamental limits on the energy levels that any particles within the system can possess. And according to the team behind the paper, our universe does indeed have this kind of cut off in the spectrum of high energy particles. Personally I’m leery about this approach because it makes unfounded assumptions about the structure of the simulation. For example, instead of a fixed, regularly-spaced lattice, one could easily imagine a flexible system which could be as dense or as sparse as required to track the particles that are present locally. In any case, for a look at a fictional scenario of this, check out the novella True Names by Benjamin Rosenbaum and Cory Doctorow.
The next link is not an article but rather a letter written in response to an earlier article. The original thesis made two complementary claims: 1) that humanity as a species is becoming less intelligent over time due to the accumulation of mutations that have deleterious effects on intelligence and 2) that if this is so the question of why we managed to evolve intelligence at all in the first place is because modern society shelter humans from the full effects of natural selection. Hunter-gatherer societies it is claimed have greater use for intelligence while in our time even relatively stupid people may thrive and live long enough to procreate. This letter argues against these conclusions stating that mutations occur in individuals and not the entire population as a whole while intelligence is correlated with the number of surviving children in modern societies.
Then we have this article from Smithsonian.com about why humans blink so frequently. As the article states, some blinking is obviously necessary to lubricate the eyeballs, but we seem to blink more often than necessary for these basic functions. It turns out that another reason for blinking is to temporarily shut out the world to give ourselves a moment for introspective thinking. In effect, our minds shift to an altered mental state more conducive to thought at the moment when we blink.
Finally our non-science article is this optimisticretrospective of 2012 from The Spectator. One of my personal pet peeves is people being unreasonably pessimistic about the present and like to view the past through rose-tinted glasses. But as this article reminds us 2012 has really been the best year ever for humanity as a whole. Poverty has never been lower. On a global scale, inequality is down too. Far fewer people die from violence or disease. And despite doomsayers’ repeated proclamations of peak oil, we live in an age of energy abundance not scarcity. So here’s looking forward to 2013 being an even better year!
Majorly late with this one, I know. I’ve been in Kuala Lumpur for extended period lately. But better late than never and I’m determined to keep this blog alive if updates now are less frequent. So let’s get on with it.
This first one is a bit trite and still a truth worth keeping in mind. It’s from the BPS Research Digest and talks about how people tend to think of their own names as being rarer, and therefore more special, than they really are. Also connected is the finding that people with genuinely rare names tend to be happier with their names, further confirming the observation like to be special. But I think people should be careful about going too far and end up choosing names that are just plain ridiculous.
The next article from the website MNT and covers the subject of how people might be able to solve mathematical problems unconsciously. The study in questioned distracted the participants with another stimuli while an arithmetic equation or a verbal expression was displayed. The result, to no one’s surprise, is that the so-called unconscious stimuli primed participants to be more likely to respond with the correct answer. Personally I find this particular piece of research to be fairly dubious. The mathematically problem given as an example seems to simple that it should be solvable by reflex so it’s not clear to me what the news here is.
Next up is a feature from The New Yorker which talks about the world’s grandest computer simulation of a brain. The initial target is to simulate the brain of a macaque monkey on a collection of ninety-six of the world’s fastest computers. It’s more of an overview of this area of research than this particular project since we have only the announcement and not much else to go on. Count me in as one of the skeptics on this one. I have a feeling that brain computation involves more than just neurons and ignoring the rest of the complex biochemistry going on is a mistake.
A mixed bag of articles for this month, ranging from the funny to the weird. Let’s get to it.
Regenerative medicine, or growing replacement body parts from one’s own cells, will be the next frontier of medicine. This article from the admittedly skanky Global Post site demonstrates that it has the potential to covers external organs as well as the more commonly considered example of internal organs. In this instance, a woman had a replacement ear grown on her arm as a substitute for the original one which was removed due to cancer. The new ear was fashioned using cartilage from her rib.
The next article from the Wall Street Journal covers a paper that is cleverly titled “The Power of Kawaii”. The claim is that human test subjects perform assigned with greater care and precision after being exposed to pictures of cute things, such as puppies and kittens. The tasks ranged from the delicate, such as picking up small objects from a hole without brushing the sides, to the purely logical, such as finding a target from a sequence of random numbers. As a control, participants were also exposed to pictures of adult dogs and cats and food items, which did not result in the same improved performance.
As this next article from The Economist states, we’ve found so many extrasolar planets now that they’re no longer exciting. The difference with this one is that it’s orbiting Alpha Centauri B, one of the three gravitationally bound stars that form the trinary Alpha Centauri system. This is the nearest system from our own Sol system at a mere four light-years, close enough that we could conceivably launch an expeditionary probe to it. The bad news is that it is located far too close to its parent star to have any chance of harboring life with one of its “years” lasting 3.2 Earth days. But where we’ve found one planet, we’re more likely to find more. You can bet that astronomers all around the world are feverishly working on it.
Ever wonder if animals are capable of recognizing their own dead and responding to it? This post at the The Scorpion and the Frog blog talks about a research paper on just this topic. The animals in question are western scrub-jays and the researchers tested their responses towards both an actual scrub-jay carcass, complete with feathers, and a collection of painted wood pieces arranged vaguely to look like a dead scrub-jay. The live birds reacted furiously to the real carcass, hopping about and calling loudly, while taking far fewer peanuts strewn on the ground as usual. Testing further with a realistic mounted great horned owl, a predator of scrub-jays, led to similar reactions, leading the scientists to conclude that the reaction wasn’t about grief but about alarm and physical danger.
Finally, here’s a longer article about the evolution of lactose intolerance in humans from Slate. It’s not about a specific new discovery, more of an overview of the subject. Apparently the ability to digest lactose in adult humans spread very quickly once the mutation occurred, unreasonably quickly according to most scientists, and the reason why is still something of a mystery.
Oops, almost forgot to do this feature. Every year I try to highlight the results of the Nobel Prizes that actually matter and aren’t completely spurious. I mean I guarantee that everyone in the Chinese-speaking world knows who won the literature prize and plenty of people who read the news are aware that the Peace Prize committee are keeping up their reputation for bizarre choices by picking the European Union. But how many people know who won the prizes for medicine, physics, chemistry and economics or what the discoveries were for? So that’s what this blog post is all about.
First up, the physics prize was won by Serge Haroche of the Collège de France, in Paris, and David Wineland of America’s National Institute of Standards and Technology. The two independently invented methods of directly observing quantum systems without destroying their superposition of states. Interestingly, they used opposite strategies. Dr. Wineland trapped ions and used photons to control and measure them. Dr. Haroche trapped photons and sent atoms through the trap to measure them. Both are real-life examples of the famous Schrödinger’s cat thought experiment, though on a far smaller macroscopic scale.
A little bit of everything this month and no less than five articles, so let’s get to it.
You’ve probably heard about scientists making robots based on insects and small animals as models. This article with links and accompanying video is all about skipping the robot part and taking direct control of a live cockroach to perform tasks. It’s wireless too. I guess cockroaches are okay for this but I predict serious ethical concerns if they scale it up to larger animals.
The next article comes with the predictable still image from Planet of the Apes. It’s about scientists who trained a bunch of monkeys in a simple pattern matching exercise. They then selectively impaired the monkeys’ performance with cocaine and used a brain implant to restore their original performance. When this worked, they also tested the implant without the influence of cocaine and found improved performance beyond the original baseline. They’re lauding it as a primitive sort of implant to boost cognition, but I’m skeptical. The implant seems tailor designed just to stimulate the right parts of the brain needed for that specific part. It’s hard to see it as an device that can be generalized.
This one is even more deserving of skepticism, being firmly in the realm of pure theory, but it is all about a plausible way to create faster than light warp drives, so that’s enough to get it featured here. In principle, one way to cheat around the light speed limit would be not to move objects faster than light through spacetime, but to alter the geometry of spacetime itself around the objects we want to move. This is the famous warp bubble that we know of all the way back from Star Trek. But even apart from not knowing how to generate them, scientists have long calculated that the energy costs involved would be impossibly high. This latest finding claims that altering the shape of the ring around the spacecraft that generates the bubble would bring the energy costs down to a manageable level and allowing the intensity of the warping effect to oscillate would make it cheaper still.
So surgeons can transplant just about anything these days. The latest record broken is the transplant of the uterus from a mother to her daughter by a team of Swedish doctors to allow the recipient to become pregnant.
Finally a link to a research paper whose results any male could confirm for you for free. The Dutch team found that not only is the cognitive performance of heterosexual men impaired after an interaction with someone of the opposite sex, but mere anticipation of such interaction is sufficient to make males dumber. Furthermore these effects occur even when the males have no idea whether or not the women they believe they will be interacting with are physically attractive.
Participating in the Coursera online courses is keeping me busier than I’d first thought, but I still had time to read up on science-related stuff.
Ever wondered while on a journey why the return trip always feels like it passes more quickly than going there? According to this article in The Irish Times, this is due to how our psychological perception of time differs according to circumstances. The article calls this an act of retrospective timing. That is we try to estimate how much time an event took after it has already passed from memory. However, this is done by recalling the information we stored during the event, and the more information we stored, the longer the duration we perceive it to have taken. This means that when we’re first traveling to a new place, we have all sorts of new data to absorb and store, but during the return trip, most of it will have become familiar already. Hence we perceive the outbound trip to have taken longer than the return trip.
Along with video-gaming nerds, comic books fans have long been relegated to the depths of otaku social outcasts. But this article from The Pacific Standard talks about closely identifying with a superhero may have measurable positive effect on their bodies. A study invited undergraduates, male ones only, to state how familiar they were with Batman or Spiderman and went on to query the students about how they felt about their bodies. Those who did identify with one of the superheroes not only felt better about their bodies, they were also able to demonstrate measurably greater strength, especially when they were shown pictures of a more muscular version of the superhero in question.
This next link seems to be down frequently but it’s such an interesting article that I just had to link to it. It appears on the Psychology Today website and talks about the Baining, an indigenous group of Papua New Guinea, who have the distinction of being known as one of the dullest people on Earth. They apparently have nothing in the way of the usual cultural accoutrements such religious rites, myths, festivals etc. and discourage playful of any kind, even among their children. The only thing they have going for them is work and they value all products and activities that are associated with useful work.
Finally an article about the Curiosity rover currently on Mars. It’s from The Atlantic and it reveals how the engineers at Jet Propulsion Laboratory built in a little Easter Egg. Specifically the vehicle’s treads are designed to spell out in Morse code the initials J-P-L as the robot slowly makes its way across the red Martian soil. That is such a geeky thing to do I just had to include it here.